ЖУРНАЛ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИСТОРИИ Т.8 №4
Современные англоязычные историки о тактике Коминтерна в 1928–1934 гг.
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Статья посвящена анализу оценок современными англоязычными историками тактики Коммунистического интернационала, получившей название «класс против класса». В работе представлены оценки исследователей, придерживающихся традиционалистской и ревизионистской парадигм в осмыслении темы. Отношение историков к Коминтерну обусловливает их взгляды и на тактику «класс против класса». «Традиционалисты» находят аргументы, подтверждающие ее вредность и губительность, как для отдельных коммунистических партий, так и для стран и регионов в целом, утверждая, что партийные чистки 1928–1934 гг., в ходе которых были исключены многие талантливые руководители, привели к значительному ослаблению роли и значения компартий; просчеты коминтерновского руководства, игнорировавшего местную специфику, чаще всего становились причиной изоляции этих партий, снижали их политический авторитет в рабочем движении. «Ревизионисты» в большинстве случаев приходят к выводу, что в указанный период данная тактика была вполне уместной и как правило оправдывают ее спецификой политической ситуации в Европе и мире. Историки, придерживающиеся данного направления, изначально строили свои суждения в основном на догадках, однако в условиях открытия архивов им удалось сформировать внушительный комплекс аргументов, который сделал их позиции достаточно крепкими. Изучая национальный и местный уровни, ученые выяснили, что во время «третьего периода» Коминтерна на уровне отдельных стран и регионов вопросы безработицы, расовых проблем, защиты прав рабочих и т.д. достаточно часто и успешно решались именно коммунистами, иногда в союзах с социалистами и социал-демократами; был создан ряд международных организаций; коммунистическое движение было популярным не только среди рабочих, но и в кругах интеллигенции. Новизна работы заключается в том, что впервые оценки тактики «класс против класса» современных англоязычных историков объединены в одном исследовании. Информационной базой послужили монографии и статьи, посвященные деятельности Коминтерна и его зарубежных секций, изданные в последние десятилетия в англоязычных странах: Великобритании, США, Канаде, Австралии, Новой Зеландии.
Суздальцев И.А. Дискуссия в англоязычной историографии Коммунистического интернационала // Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: История и право. 2023. Т. 13, № 6. С. 283–296.
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Adi H. Pan-Africanism and Communism: The Communist International, Africa and the diaspora, 1919–1939. Trenton, NJ: Africa world press, 2013. 445 p.
Ali Jan A. A Study in the Formation of Communist Thought in India, 1919–1951: A dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Cambridge, 2018. 176 p.
Ani Mukherji S. “Like Another Planet to the Darker Americas”: Black Cultural Work in 1930s Moscow // Africa in Europe: Studies in Transnational Practice in the Long Twentieth Century / edited by E. Rosenhaft, R. Aitken. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013. P. 120–141.
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Brennan J.W. ‘The Common People Have Spoken with a Mighty Voice’: Regina’s Labour City Councils, 1936–1939 // Labour/Le Travail. 2013. Vol. 71. P. 49–86.
Crooke M. Betraying Revolution: The Foundations of the Japanese Communist Party // Master's Projects and Capstones. University of San Francisco, 2018. 33 p.
Drachewych O. Great Disappointment, Shifting Opportunities: A Glimpse into the Comintern, Western European parties and their colonial work in the Third Period // Twentieth Century Communism. 2020. Iss. 18. P. 150–173.
Drew A. Discordant Comrades. Identities and Loyalties on the South African Left. London & New York: Routledge, 2000. 318 p.
Eaden J., Renton D. The Communist Party of Great Britain since 1920. New York: Palgrave, 2002. 220 p.
Eley G. Forging Democracy. The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 720 p.
Epp S. A Communist in the Council Chambers: Communist Municipal Politics, Ethnicity, and the Career of William Kolisnyk // Labour/Le Travail. 2009. Vol. 63. P. 79–103.
Forsyth S. Communists, Class, and Culture in Canada // Working on Screen. Representations of the Working Class in Canadian Cinema / edited by M. Khouri, D. Varga. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 2006. P. 46–72.
Fowler J. Japanese and Chinese Immigrant Activists. Organizing in American and International Communist Movements, 1919–1933. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. 272 p.
Gilmore G.E. Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919–1950. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008. 642 p.
Hargreaves J.D. The Comintern and Anti-Colonialism: New Research Opportunities // African Affairs. 1993. Vol. 92, iss. 367. P. 255–261.
Howard W.T. Black Communists Speak on Scottsboro: A Documentary History. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2008. 200 p.
Kavanagh M. British Communism and the Politics of Education, 1926–1968. Doctoral thesis. University of Manchester, 2018. 240 p.
LaPorte N., Hoffrogge R. Weimar Communism as Mass Movement. 1918–1933. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2017. 276 p.
Luff J. Labor Anticommunism in the United States of America and the United Kingdom,
1920–49 // Journal of Contemporary History. 2018. Vol. 53 (1). P. 109–133.
Makalani M. In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011. 309 p.
Manley J. Moscow Rules? 'Red' Unionism and 'Class Against Class' in Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1928–1935 // Labour/Le Travail. 2005. Vol. 56. P. 9–50.
McIlroy J., Campbell A. ‘For a Revolutionary Workers’ Government’: Moscow, British Communism and Revisionist Interpretations of the Third Period, 1927–34 // European History Quarterly. 2002. Vol. 32, iss. 4. P. 535–569.
McIlroy J., Campbell A. The Last Word on Communism // Labour History Review. 2005. Vol. 70, iss. 1. P. 97–101.
McKay I. Joe Salsberg, Depression-Era Communism, and the Limits of Moscow’s Rule // Canadian Jewish Studies. 2013. Vol. 21. P. 130–142.
Morgan K. International Communism and the Cult of the Individual. Leaders, Tribunes and Martyrs under Lenin and Stalin. London: Springer, 2017. 363 p.
Newsinger J. Recent Controversies in the History of British Communism // Journal of Contemporary History. 2006. Vol. 41, iss. 3. P. 557–572.
Patrias C. Immigrants, Communists, and Solidarity Unionism in Niagara, 1930–1960 // Labour/Le Travail. 2018. Vol. 82. P. 119–158.
Pedersen V. It’s Hard to be Popular: The Marine Workers Industrial Union and the Coming of the Popular Front // American Communist History. 2012. Vol. 11, iss. 3. P. 285–297.
Roman M. Opposing Jim Crow. African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. 301 p.
Smith E. Against Fascism, for Racial Equality: Communists, Anti-Racism and the Road to the Second World War in Australia, South Africa and the United States // Labor History. 2017. Vol. 58, iss. 5. P. 676–696.
Smith E. National Liberation for Whom? The Postcolonial Question, the Communist Party of Great Britain, and the Party’s African and Caribbean Membership // International Review of Social History. 2016. Vol. 61. P. 283–315.
Smith S.A. Issues in Comintern Historiography // The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism / edited by S.A. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 195–203.
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Solomon M. The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917–1936. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998. 403 p.
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Storch R. “Run Quick and Find the Reds”: Historians’ Search for American Communists // American Communist History. 2019. Vol. 18. P. 79–87.
Swagler M. The Russian Revolution and Pan-African Marxism // Review of African Political Economy. 2018. Vol. 45, iss. 158. P. 620–628.
Thorpe A. The Communist Party and the New Party // Contemporary British History. 2009. Vol. 23. P. 477–491.
Thorpe A. The Membership of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920–1945 // The Historical Journal. 2000. Vol. 43, iss. 3. P. 777–800.
Trapeznik A. “Agents of Moscow” at the Dawn of the Cold War. The Comintern and the Communist Party of New Zealand // Journal of Cold War Studies. 2009. Vol. 11, iss. 1. P. 124–149.
Twiss T. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy: A dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Pittsburgh, 2009. 672 p.
Weesjes E. Children of the Red Flag. Growing Up in a Communist Family During the Cold War: A Comparative Analysis of the British and Dutch Communist Movement: Doctoral thesis. University of Sussex, 2010. 244 p.
Zumoff J.A. Ojos Que No Ven. The Communist Party, Caribbean Migrants and the Communist International in Costa Rica in the 1920s and 1930s // The Journal of Caribbean History. 2011. Vol. 45, iss. 2. P. 212–247.
Zumoff J.A. The Communist International and US Communism, 1919–1929. Leiden: Brill, 2014. 456 p.
Zumoff J.A. The Left in the United States and the Decline of the Socialist Party of America, 1934–1935 // Labour/Le Travail. 2020. Vol. 85. P. 165–198.
Суздальцев И.А. Политика Коминтерна в отношении Коммунистической партии Испании в интерпретации современных историков // Historia provinciae – журнал региональной истории. 2023. Т. 7, № 2. С. 650–673.
Суздальцев И.А. Современная англоязычная историография Коммунистического интернационала // Новая и новейшая история. 2021. Вып. 4. С. 18–30.
Adi H. Pan-Africanism and Communism: The Communist International, Africa and the diaspora, 1919–1939. Trenton, NJ: Africa world press, 2013. 445 p.
Ali Jan A. A Study in the Formation of Communist Thought in India, 1919–1951: A dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Cambridge, 2018. 176 p.
Ani Mukherji S. “Like Another Planet to the Darker Americas”: Black Cultural Work in 1930s Moscow // Africa in Europe: Studies in Transnational Practice in the Long Twentieth Century / edited by E. Rosenhaft, R. Aitken. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013. P. 120–141.
Barrett J.R. What Went Wrong? The Communist Party, the US, and the Comintern // American Communist History. 2018. Vol. 17, № 2. P. 176–184.
Brennan J.W. ‘The Common People Have Spoken with a Mighty Voice’: Regina’s Labour City Councils, 1936–1939 // Labour/Le Travail. 2013. Vol. 71. P. 49–86.
Crooke M. Betraying Revolution: The Foundations of the Japanese Communist Party // Master's Projects and Capstones. University of San Francisco, 2018. 33 p.
Drachewych O. Great Disappointment, Shifting Opportunities: A Glimpse into the Comintern, Western European parties and their colonial work in the Third Period // Twentieth Century Communism. 2020. Iss. 18. P. 150–173.
Drew A. Discordant Comrades. Identities and Loyalties on the South African Left. London & New York: Routledge, 2000. 318 p.
Eaden J., Renton D. The Communist Party of Great Britain since 1920. New York: Palgrave, 2002. 220 p.
Eley G. Forging Democracy. The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 720 p.
Epp S. A Communist in the Council Chambers: Communist Municipal Politics, Ethnicity, and the Career of William Kolisnyk // Labour/Le Travail. 2009. Vol. 63. P. 79–103.
Forsyth S. Communists, Class, and Culture in Canada // Working on Screen. Representations of the Working Class in Canadian Cinema / edited by M. Khouri, D. Varga. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 2006. P. 46–72.
Fowler J. Japanese and Chinese Immigrant Activists. Organizing in American and International Communist Movements, 1919–1933. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. 272 p.
Gilmore G.E. Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919–1950. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008. 642 p.
Hargreaves J.D. The Comintern and Anti-Colonialism: New Research Opportunities // African Affairs. 1993. Vol. 92, iss. 367. P. 255–261.
Howard W.T. Black Communists Speak on Scottsboro: A Documentary History. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2008. 200 p.
Kavanagh M. British Communism and the Politics of Education, 1926–1968. Doctoral thesis. University of Manchester, 2018. 240 p.
LaPorte N., Hoffrogge R. Weimar Communism as Mass Movement. 1918–1933. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2017. 276 p.
Luff J. Labor Anticommunism in the United States of America and the United Kingdom,
1920–49 // Journal of Contemporary History. 2018. Vol. 53 (1). P. 109–133.
Makalani M. In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011. 309 p.
Manley J. Moscow Rules? 'Red' Unionism and 'Class Against Class' in Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1928–1935 // Labour/Le Travail. 2005. Vol. 56. P. 9–50.
McIlroy J., Campbell A. ‘For a Revolutionary Workers’ Government’: Moscow, British Communism and Revisionist Interpretations of the Third Period, 1927–34 // European History Quarterly. 2002. Vol. 32, iss. 4. P. 535–569.
McIlroy J., Campbell A. The Last Word on Communism // Labour History Review. 2005. Vol. 70, iss. 1. P. 97–101.
McKay I. Joe Salsberg, Depression-Era Communism, and the Limits of Moscow’s Rule // Canadian Jewish Studies. 2013. Vol. 21. P. 130–142.
Morgan K. International Communism and the Cult of the Individual. Leaders, Tribunes and Martyrs under Lenin and Stalin. London: Springer, 2017. 363 p.
Newsinger J. Recent Controversies in the History of British Communism // Journal of Contemporary History. 2006. Vol. 41, iss. 3. P. 557–572.
Patrias C. Immigrants, Communists, and Solidarity Unionism in Niagara, 1930–1960 // Labour/Le Travail. 2018. Vol. 82. P. 119–158.
Pedersen V. It’s Hard to be Popular: The Marine Workers Industrial Union and the Coming of the Popular Front // American Communist History. 2012. Vol. 11, iss. 3. P. 285–297.
Roman M. Opposing Jim Crow. African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. 301 p.
Smith E. Against Fascism, for Racial Equality: Communists, Anti-Racism and the Road to the Second World War in Australia, South Africa and the United States // Labor History. 2017. Vol. 58, iss. 5. P. 676–696.
Smith E. National Liberation for Whom? The Postcolonial Question, the Communist Party of Great Britain, and the Party’s African and Caribbean Membership // International Review of Social History. 2016. Vol. 61. P. 283–315.
Smith S.A. Issues in Comintern Historiography // The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism / edited by S.A. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 195–203.
Smith S.A., Pons S. Introduction to Volume I // The Cambridge History of Communism. Vol. I. World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941 / edited by S. Pons, S.A. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 28–46.
Solomon M. The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917–1936. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998. 403 p.
Storch R. American Communism and Soviet Russia: A View from Chicago's Streets American Historical Association, New York City, 2009 // American Communist History. 2009. Vol. 8, iss. 1. P. 25–28.
Storch R. “Run Quick and Find the Reds”: Historians’ Search for American Communists // American Communist History. 2019. Vol. 18. P. 79–87.
Swagler M. The Russian Revolution and Pan-African Marxism // Review of African Political Economy. 2018. Vol. 45, iss. 158. P. 620–628.
Thorpe A. The Communist Party and the New Party // Contemporary British History. 2009. Vol. 23. P. 477–491.
Thorpe A. The Membership of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920–1945 // The Historical Journal. 2000. Vol. 43, iss. 3. P. 777–800.
Trapeznik A. “Agents of Moscow” at the Dawn of the Cold War. The Comintern and the Communist Party of New Zealand // Journal of Cold War Studies. 2009. Vol. 11, iss. 1. P. 124–149.
Twiss T. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy: A dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Pittsburgh, 2009. 672 p.
Weesjes E. Children of the Red Flag. Growing Up in a Communist Family During the Cold War: A Comparative Analysis of the British and Dutch Communist Movement: Doctoral thesis. University of Sussex, 2010. 244 p.
Zumoff J.A. Ojos Que No Ven. The Communist Party, Caribbean Migrants and the Communist International in Costa Rica in the 1920s and 1930s // The Journal of Caribbean History. 2011. Vol. 45, iss. 2. P. 212–247.
Zumoff J.A. The Communist International and US Communism, 1919–1929. Leiden: Brill, 2014. 456 p.
Zumoff J.A. The Left in the United States and the Decline of the Socialist Party of America, 1934–1935 // Labour/Le Travail. 2020. Vol. 85. P. 165–198.
Ключевые слова:
историография, «класс против класса», «традиционалисты», «ревизионисты», Народный фронт, Коммунистическая партия Великобритании (КПВ), Коммунистическая партия Германии (КПГ), Коммунистическая партия США (КП США)
Для цитирования:
Суздальцев И.А. Современные англоязычные историки о тактике Коминтерна в 1928–1934 гг. // Historia provinciae – журнал региональной истории. 2024. Т. 8, № 4. С. 1276–1298, https://doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2024-8-4-6; EDN: RWRUUS

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